Authenticated data · eight records

Merkle trees and Verkle trees

Step through a real SHA-256 tree, then the same records under a vector commitment. Nodes show the first four bytes so the shape fits. The Verkle half is the idea, not a pairing.

Nodes show the first 4 bytes of SHA-256. A leaf is SHA-256 of the UTF-8 bytes leaf: plus the record. A parent is SHA-256 of the raw 32-byte left digest concatenated with the raw 32-byte right digest. Hover a node for the full digest. The Verkle seal drawn on screen is a label, not a KZG group element. Byte counters use 32-byte hashes and 48-byte KZG elements and are marked pedagogical. Arrow keys step, space plays.